(March 26, 1914 – July 18, 2005)
General William C. Westmoreland
commanded the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, from June 1964 to June
1968, and, as the officer in charge of most of the American military assets in
Vietnam during that period, he became the principal strategist for the U.S. war
effort. Born in South Carolina, he graduated in 1936 from West Point, where he
had been commander of the Corps of Cadets. He had an outstanding combat record
in World War II and the Korean War, held many important command and staff
positions, and was superintendent of West Point when President Kennedy selected
him to head MACV. He was an energetic and dedicated but conventional military
leader. Despite his communist adversaries’ known skills for irregular warfare
and political tactics, he designed an attrition strategy of large unit sweeps
and aerial bombardment aimed at regular North Vietnamese and Vietcong units and
intended to inflict more losses on his enemies than they could sustain. He
requested and received ever-higher numbers of U.S. ground forces until the
total exceeded 500,000. He employed these in “search and destroy” operations
utilizing helicopter mobility and high-technology weaponry. He paid much less
attention to pacification efforts.
Although Westmoreland’s approach
inflicted heavy losses on the enemy and he made public claims of progress
(often at Washington’s prompting), by the end of 1967 he had, in fact, achieved
only a military stalemate, which became apparent in the Tet Offensive in early
1968. His forces in South Vietnam repulsed the surprise enemy attacks, but it
was clear that the war was far from over, and its burden on Americans and
Vietnamese would only continue. Some military historians have claimed that
Westmoreland never received the freedom or resources from Washington he needed
for success, but it was also evident that his troops were often just flailing
about without any clear plan for victory. Consequently, Johnson turned down his
request for 206,000 more troops after Tet and reassigned him as U.S. Army chief
of staff. He was succeeded at MACV by his deputy commander, General Creighton
Abrams. Westmoreland retired from the army in 1972 and published his memoir in
1976. A 1982 CBS News investigation claimed that he had knowingly
misrepresented enemy troop strength to Washington prior to the Tet Offensive.
He sued the network for libel, and the case was settled out of court in 1985
with both sides claiming victory.
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